The Rockefeller Drug Laws Americas War on Drugs a War...

Since the Rockefeller Drug Laws were passed in 1973 under Governor Nelson Rockefeller, New York State has had the harshest sentencing for low-level, non-violent drug offenders of any other state in the nation. Under these laws, those convicted of drug offenses face the same penalties as those convicted of murder, and harsher penalties that those convicted of rape. (Sullum, 1) Though the laws were first enacted to curb the late-1960s-early-1970s psychedelic drug epidemic, New Yorks drug problem in fact worsened in the 1980s with the use of stimulants, and thus the laws were reformed to be less lenient. These unforgiving laws, which place enormous minimum sentences for drug-sale convictions, prove to be ineffective and expensive and have†¦show more content†¦The Republican-dominated Senate is reluctant to offer lenient sentencing as a way to reduce prison overpopulation. Senator Dale M. Volker, a Republican from Depew, NY, said the question is one of law and order. We just have to be careful that we dont allow dangerous criminals to walk into the community on a regular basis (Lyall, 2) The Republicans are cautious about relying on community drug treatment programs and other alternatives to incarceration even though it is proven that alcoholism and addiction are diseases, which is why they should be addressed as health issues rather than criminal justice issues. And while imprisonment only removes a symptom, it does not cure the problem. New York, one of the capitalist centers of America, is assumed to be a state that loves money. If this is true, then why is New York willing to waste millions, soon to be billions, of dollars investing in trying to fix something knowing that the problem will only cycle? Other states have begun to introduce the rehabilitation reforms into their communities and have already begun to reap the benefits. â€Å"In Arizona, taxpayers saved 2.6 million dollars in the first year after legislation passed mandating drug treatment instead of prison for non-violent drug offenders.† (Population, 3) This trend should have swept the nation by now; New York should have already learned fromShow MoreRelatedPropaganda by Edward L Bernays34079 Words   |  137 Pagesopinions of the masses is an important element in democratic society. Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of our country. We are governed, o ur minds are molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of. This is a logical result of the way in which our democratic society is organized. Vast numbers of human beings must cooperate in this manner if they are to live together as a smoothlyRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38427 Words   |  154 Pagesmajor impact on society, and their impact is growing. By drastically changing our means of communication, the way we work, our housing, clothes, and food, our methods of transportation, and, indeed, even the length and quality of life itself, science has generated changes in the moral values and basic philosophies of mankind. Beginning with the plow, science has changed how we live and what we believe. By making life easier, science has given man the chance to pursue societal concerns such as ethics,Read MoreImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 Pagesmajor impact on society, and their impact is growing. By drastically changi ng our means of communication, the way we work, our housing, clothes, and food, our methods of transportation, and, indeed, even the length and quality of life itself, science has generated changes in the moral values and basic philosophies of mankind. Beginning with the plow, science has changed how we live and what we believe. By making life easier, science has given man the chance to pursue societal concerns such as ethics,Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesCommunication Skills 26 ETHICAL ISSUES IN HRM: Invasion of Privacy? 9 WORKPLACE ISSUES: We Are Now Entering the Blogosphere 10 Workforce Diversity 10 The Workforce Today 10 DID YOU KNOW?: Chief Diversity Officer 11 How Diversity Affects HRM 11 WORKPLACE ISSUES: Diversity Awareness 12 What Is a Work/Life Balance? 12 DID YOU KNOW?: Looking at the Future of HRM 13 DID YOU KNOW?: International Diversity 14 The Labor Supply 14 Do We Have a Shortage of Skilled Labor? 14 Why Do Organizations Lay Off Employees duringRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 PagesCharles Spinosa 90 The Leadership Team: Complementary Strengths or Conï ¬â€šicting Agendas? Stephen A. Miles and Michael D. Watkins 100 Avoiding Integrity Land Mines Ben W. Heineman, Jr. 20 33 FORETHOUGHT HBR CASE STUDY Why Didn t We Know? Ralph Hasson 45 FIRST PERSON Preparing for the Perfect Product Launch THOU SHALT †¦page 58 James P. Hackett 111 TOOL KIT The Process Audit Michael Hammer 124 BEST PRACTICE Human Due Diligence David Harding and Ted Rouse Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesDevelopment . . . . . Figure 18.1. With Cybernetics, an Organization Can Provide Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 18.2. Communication Is Key to a Feedback Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 18.3. PERT Diagram Shows the Planned Schedule of a Task, in Graphic Format, of a Two-Path Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 18.4. A Four-Path PERT Diagram Can Be Used to Illustrate the Critical Paths of Complex, Multipart Projects

Customer Satisfaction Research Report - 2986 Words

Customer Satisfaction Research Report Executive Summary Rockin’ Rubies is a well known national chain restaurant with a loyal customer base, which is known for its business style atmosphere and family dining flair. In the past year, the corporation has seen a marked decline in sales. The decline in sales is exponentially increasing as every fiscal quarter passes by. The reason for the decline in sales is unknown to the corporation at this time. The restaurant has not changed locations or menu options within the past several years. The theorized root cause of the problem is poor customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction is the key to customer retention, new customer development and increased sales for the corporation. The†¦show more content†¦Customer satisfaction is vital to Rockin’ Rubies and the affect on sales. The results of the research conducted will identify concerns related to customer satisfaction, and propose techniques that shall be incorporated into Rockin’ Rubies in a n effort to increase customer satisfaction, thus increasing repeat customers, gaining new customers, and increasing sales. Literature Review The design and implementation of our focus groups and customer surveys has to be based on solid research. As a research team, we need to know what work has been done by others in terms of understanding and improving upon customer satisfaction. An article found on Entrepreneur.com written by Sachin Gupta, Edward McLaughlin and Miguel Gomez meets the criteria in its exploration of the link between customer satisfaction with performance, and customer satisfaction with repeat-purchase intentions. Gupta, McLaughlin and Gomez (2007) â€Å"†¦set out to determine the principal drivers of customer satisfaction in a restaurant chain and, subsequently, to determine how customer satisfaction data can be most effectively used to improve the chain’s performance.† Their goals, therefore, were very similar to our own. The researcher’s constructed two separate models for analysis and interpretation of both perceived links. Data for the first model was obtai ned from the results of an intricately designedShow MoreRelatedReport Writing Skills Example1058 Words   |  5 PagesCUSTOMER SATISFACTION REPORT BASED ON THE LATEST NATIONAL PASSENGER SURVEY (SPRING 2011) AUTHOR: ONUR AYAN DATE: 27/10/2011 TO: MANAGERS OF SOUTH WEST TRAINS Summary In this report we have analysed the results of National Passenger Survey. The research gives us vital information about our customers’ opinions on our services. 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The long-term stock market valuation of customer satisfaction. Jounal of Marketing, 72 (July), 105-122. Anderson, E.W. (1996). Customer satisfaction and price tolerance. Marketing Letters, 7 (3), 19-30. Anderson, E.W. Sullivan, M. (1993). The antecedents and consequences of customer satisfaction for firms. Marketing Science, 72 (Spring), 125-143. Anderson, K. McAdam, R. (2004). A critique of benchmarking and performanceRead MoreA Report On Online Shopping1197 Words   |  5 Pagespeople usually have ever had experience about online shopping, so this report aimed to create the questionnaire about the factors that are affecting customers’ intention and satisfaction to shop online to get the useful information which can be benefit for the development of online shopping in the future. In this questionnaire, this report focused specifically on the information concerning online shopping experience of customers and attempted to find the useful raw data such as the shopping habitRead MoreCase Study Essay examples1382 Words   |  6 Pagesa rapid response to customer technical enquiries and warranty repairs. However, the division is experiencing: - a shortage of trained technical operators in its telephone centre; Page 1 of 6 - distribution problems; and - parts availability problems. As a result, Computers R Us has received multiple complaints about CompleteCare at the Computers R Us call centre. 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Therefore, satisfaction measures has been used oftentimes in performance-basedRead MoreAn Evaluation Of The Information From The Feedback Register Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pages You will also need to develop a research brief for your Manager that: Provides an evaluation of the information from the feedback register, including key findings. †¢ Demographic data: Demographic data indicates that there is a statistically significant socio-economic nature, such as hemophilia population, income, race, education and employment, which is represented by the geographic location of the specific and often associated with time. For example, when we are talking about the population ofRead MoreEssay about Quantitative Research Article Review1175 Words   |  5 PagesQuantitative Research Article Review Shannon Davis TSU Role Development 5040 Dr. DeCuir September 28, 2012 A Quantitative Research Article Review I chose to critique the peer reviewed publication A Quantitative Correlational Study on the Impact of Patient Satisfaction on a Rural Hospital. There are various reasons why I chose this article. I am an agency nurse and work at various different emergency departments around Middle Tennessee. Most of them are concerned about patient satisfaction scoresRead MoreGSBS6002 Assignment 2 Tri 2 20151335 Words   |  6 Pagespromises to provide a rapid response to customer technical enquiries and warranty repairs. However, the division is experiencing: - a shortage of trained technical operators in its telephone centre; - distribution problems; and - parts availability problems. As a result, Computers R Us has received multiple complaints about CompleteCare at the Computers R Us call centre. To address these issues, a research proposal was prepared (Assignment 1) and the research overseen by the management of ComputersRead MoreCustomer Service Of Janata Bank Limited Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pages 1.1 Origin of the Report In today’s financial world, banking sector plays an uncompromising role to uphold a country’s economy. Recent times in Bangladesh, private banking sector has been contributing a lot in the total economic growth in the country; and this sector has proven itself as a profitable venture with its superior products and customer services. Janata Bank Limited (PBL) is a fast growing private sector bank in Bangladesh. In terms of quality services and value addition to shareholders

Strategic Implementation Plan For Estia Health †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Implementation Plan For Estia Health. Answer: Introduction Strategic Implementation can be defined as the conversion of the strategies into action by the organization so that it can achieve its goals and objectives. It is the manner in which the company should merge, evaluate and use its structure, mechanisms and environment to follow the strategies which will lead to competitive advantage and good performance (Sadeghifar et al., 2015). The main steps in strategic implementation include developing the company to meet the objectives of the strategy, allocating appropriate resources, formulation of policies, implementing and monitoring them with the use of strategic leadership. In this context, Strategic Implementation plan for Estia health will be formulated for its implementation and its various aspects will be analyzed in the following text. Strategy Implementation Plan for Estia Health The Strategic Implementation Plan of the company for aged health care includes the following components: To recognize the present and future demands for hospital services which includes demographic impact of aged population, their growing needs and analyzing the available medical services to suit their needs and their accessibility to the aged . The planning of the future should also comprise of evaluation of new forms of treatment for the aged such as rehabilitation facilities and community based care at their residence. The Strategic Planning should consider the factors such as time taken to access the health care and reach the hospital and the background of the patient. The conditions of the existing infrastructure of the hospital should be analyzed to identify that they are viable and have economic and operating conditions which are suitable for adapting the changes (Australian Government, 2015). Also, the plan should provide the minimum treatment for each specialization so that the hospital can provide safe and high quality services to the patients. It will help in establishing regional centers of excellence in the country. The integrated health care centers should be developed for primary outdoor patient health care. A benchmark of model performance health care standards should be introduced for clinical services. A benchmark of operating performance standards should be introduced for non-clinical services (Wheatbelt Development Commission, 2014). Changes need to be introduced in the organization to implement the strategy There are five measures which need to be applied to implement the integrated health care model. They are as follows: Establishment of acute care centers and regional centers of excellence in the medical care sector. Development of Integrated health care centers. Creating awareness among people specially the aged regarding the available health care facilities. Training programs and education for doctors and nurses. Application of clinical and preventive medical guidelines for the doctors and other staff (National Academy of Medicine, 2016). All the above five measures are interlinked. The training programs and education is an important measure undertaken by the organization to focus on the doctors, nurses and other medical staff with regards to the regional centers of excellence and the acute care centers. The whole process should be supported by exchange of information among the individual health care providers, through improved infrastructure (The Commonwealth Fund, 2016). Apart from introducing the above mentioned reforms, the following change should also be implemented to successfully introduce the strategic framework: Development of new services and models of care to transfer the care of patients from hospitals to local community (Temkin, 2017). Efficientmanagement of chronic diseases including the demographic aspects is necessary for implementing the newly established strategic framework. The main principle behind this factor is early diagnosis of the chronic disease and its treatment at the local level. Reestablishing the competence of acute care and regional excellence centers and removing repetitive hospitalizations and specialized examinations. The acute care and regional excellence centers can assist in importing quality and to achieve better results. It will also help in better utilization of the available resources (Tkatch et al., 2016). Management and Implementation of the Proposed Changes The changes need to be implemented in the organization in the context ofstrategic management plan can be explained in the light of Porters Generic Strategies. These generic strategies consists of four parts viz. cost leadership, differentiation, cost focus and differentiation focus. These generic strategies should be implemented by Estia Health to gain competitive advantage and to outperform its competitors. The changes needed to be introduced can be explained in the light of following generic strategies: Cost effectiveness: The aim of the project is to improve the cost effectiveness and to adjust it to meet the objectives of the individual areas. The market share can be increased by charging lower prices by the patients and in the medication facilities so that they can be accessed by the aged population of every income group. Differentiation Strategy: It involves making the services of the organization more attractive and different from those of its competitors. It involves conducting the analyzing of the stakeholder, resource and risk. Furthermore, the identification of the size of the aged population and the assessment of the health related priorities and action planning is also executed under this area (Salmond and Echevarria , 2017). The Focus Strategy: By using the focus strategy, Estia Heath can focus on the aged section on the society and comprehend its needs, so that it can design cost efficient and specified services to serve its patients. By catering to the needs of the specific section of the society, the organization can develop brand loyalty amongst them. The difference between cost focus and differentiation focus is that while in the former, the company targets a narrow market and competes on the basis of price and in the case of later, the company offers unique features which fulfills the demand of the narrow market( Flo et al.,2016). Conclusion Thus, to conclude, it can be said that the implementation of the strategic plan can result in increase in the number of doctors at the first contact point per patient and reduction in the number of the doctors consultants per patient .It also aims at improving the access to high quality primary health care by the aged. It also aims at lowering the length of stay in the hospitals. References Australian Government (2015) Implementation Plan for the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Plan 20132023[online] Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/AC51639D3C8CD4ECCA257E8B00007AC5/$File/DOH_ImplementationPlan_v3.pdf [Accessed 26th March, 2018]. Flo, E., Husebo, B.S. , Bruusgaard, P., Gjerberg, E., Thoresen, L. , Lillemoen, L. and Pedersen, R.(2016) A review of the implementation and research strategies of advance care planning in nursing homes. BMC Geriatrics.16 (24), pp. 1-20. National Academy of Medicine (2016) Preparing for Better Health and Health Care for an Aging Population [online] Available from: https://nam.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Preparing-for-Better-Health-and-Health-Care-for-an-Aging-Population.pdf [Accessed 26th March, 2018]. Sadeghifar, J., Jafari, M., Tofighi, S., Ravaghi, H. and Maleki, M.R.(2015) Strategic Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation Processes in Hospital Systems: A Survey From Iran. Global Journal of Health Science. 7(2), pp.56-65. Salmond, S.W. and Echevarria , M.(2017) Healthcare Transformation and Changing Roles for Nursing. Orthopedic Nursing. 36(1),pp. 12-25. Temkin, S.M.(2017) Cancer Care Delivery and Women's Health. Frontiers Media SA. The Commonwealth Fund (2016) 2015 International Profiles JANUARY 2016 of Health Care Systems [online] Available from: https://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/files/publications/fund-report/2016/jan/1857_mossialos_intl_profiles_2015_v7.pdf [Accessed 26th March, 2018]. Tkatch , R., Musich, S., MacLeod, S., Alsgaard , K., Hawkins , K., Yeh , C.S.(2016)Population HealthManagement for Older Adults: Review of Interventions for Promoting Successful Aging Across the Health Continuum. Gerontology Geriatric Medicine.2, pp.1-13. Wheatbelt Development Commission (2014) Wheatbelt Aged Support and Care Solution/s implementation plan[online] Available from: https://www.wheatbelt.wa.gov.au/files/7014/1767/6092/WASCS_Implementation_Plan_Final_Version_1_Web.pdf [Accessed 26th March, 2018].

Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone Essay Example

Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone Paper Introduction3 Results4 Discussion6 Conclusion7 Experimental7 References8 Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone Introduction When hydrogens are present on the ? -carbon of ketones (like the reaction used in this experiment), carbonyl compounds and aldehydes, they turn the compound slightly acidic1. These functional groups are removed by using a basic solution as shown in (i) below1. The product formed with water is stable only due to resonance, but does not form a very stable equilibrium. Enamine reactions are used to avoid many problems usually associated with alkylating or acylating carbonyl compounds when they are reacted with aqueous sodium hydroxide1 as shown in reactions (ii) and (iv)1. The main problem being that the reaction results in a great number of crucial secondary side reactions, such as those in equations (iii), (iv) and (vi), and this in turn results in the main product formed in (i) being only available in small amounts because of the previously mentioned unstable equilibrium, while nucleophile OH- in equation (iii) is much higher1. When the OH- reacts with alkyl halide (iii) or acyl halide (iv), the conjugate base will tend to react with the unreacted carbonyl compound by means of an aldol condensation reaction as shown in equation (vi)1. Results Preparation of the enamine PyrrolidineCyclohexanone Molecular formula: C4H9NMolecular formula: C6H10O Volume: 4. 0 ml+. Volume: 5. 0 ml Density: 0. 87 g cm-3Density: 0. 95 g cm-3 Boiling point: 87? CBoiling point: 156? C Masses were worked out using densities: Mass cyclohexanone = 0. 947g/ml x 5ml = 4. 739g Therefore moles = mass/molar mass = 4. 739g/98. 15g mol-1 = 0. 483 moles Mass pyrrolidine = 0. 866g/mol x 4. 0 ml = 3. 464g Therefore moles = mass/molar mass = 3. 464 / 71. 11g mol-1 Addition of the acetic anhydride EnamineAcetic Anhydride Molecular formula: C10H9N Molecular formula: C4H6O3 ¬ (2) Volume: 4. 5 ml Density: 1. 08 g cm-3 (2) Molecular Weight: 102. 1 g/mol Boiling point: 139. 8? C(2) Moles : 0. 04760 moles Acetic anhydride is the limiting reagent The s toichiometric ratio of acetic anhydride to 2 acetylcyclohexanone is 1:1 Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone 1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene2-Acetylcyclohexanone We will write a custom essay sample on Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Molecular Weight: 151. 25 g mol-1 Molecular Weight: 140. 18 g mol ¬-1 Mass: 0. 14g Moles: 0. 04760 moles The stoichiometric ratio of acetic anhydride to 2 acetylcyclohexanone is 1:1, therefore there is 0. 04760 moles of 2-acetylcyclohexanone. Theoretical mass of 2-acetylcyclohexanone = 0. 04760mol x 140. 18g/mol = 6. 673g Percentage yield = Actual yield/ Theoretical yield x 100 = 0. 14g/6. 673g x 100 = 2. 10% Discussion As previously mentioned, aldehydes and ketones will tend to react with primary amines in order to form an imine, as can be seen in step 2 below. Enamines are very easily alkylated due to them being very nucleophillic1. The first step entails the reaction of pyrrolidine and cyclohexanone with p-Toluenesulfonic acid to form a toluene solution of the enamine as shown below. Step 1: Reaction of pyrrolidine and cyclohexanone with p-Toluenesulfonic acid to form a toluene solution of the enamine The second step involves the reaction of the toluene solution of the enamine with acetic anhydride to form 1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene, which is the intermediate of the reaction. This intermediate is not seen as it cannot be isolated due to it being very unstable. Step 2: Reaction of the enamine with the acetic anhydride to form 1-pyrrolidinocyclohexene (the intermediate) The third and final step is the reaction of the intermediate(1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene) with water in order to form final product 2-acetylcyclohexanone. Step 3: 1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene (the intermediate) reacts with water in order to form 2-acetylcyclohexanone. The product was isolated by means of using a separator funnel. The solution was cooled till it was room temperature and transferred to a seperatory funnel. 10 ml water was also added to the funnel and the contents were mixed thoroughly by inverting the funnel several times and releasing the gas build-up pressure by releasing the valve on the stopcock. The aqueous layer was the bottom layer due to it being higher in density than the organic layer and was disposed of in a beaker. Similarly, the organic layer was rinsed with three portions of hydrochloric acid (3M) and finally rinsed again with water (10 ml). The organic layer was transferred to a clean 250 ml beaker and dried over MgSO4 – MgSO4 was added until it stopped clumping together at the bottom of the beaker in solution. The MgSO4 drying agent was then filtered off by vacuum suction. The melting point range obtained in the experiment was 110-119? C, which is not the same as the theoretical boiling point of 138? C. This could be due to impurities present in the sample, like water, which would lower the boiling point. The % yield was particularly low and could be attributed to insufficient reflux of the enamine solution that was supposed to have een refluxed for a minimum of half an hour, but due to time constraints, was only refluxed for 20 minutes. Another way to make 2-acetylcyclohexanone is by using a suspension of tellurium chloride and chloroform4 Conclusion There are three steps in the mechanism to forming 2-acetylcyclohexanone. These are reacting pyrrolidine and cyclohexanone with p-Toluenesulfonic acid to form a tol uene solution of the enamine, reaction of the enamine with the acetic anhydride to form 1-pyrrolidinocyclohexene, and reacting 1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene (the intermediate) with water in order to form 2-acetylcyclohexanone. The melting point range obtained experimentally was 110-119? C and is very different from the theoretical melting point range due to errors that have occurred during the procedure of the practical and are explained in the discussion above. The particularly low % yield of 2. 10% is due to insufficient reflux time. Experimental Preparation of the toluene solution of the enamine A 100ml round bottomed flask was pre-weighed, after which cyclohexanone (5. 0ml), pyrrolidine (4. 0ml), toluene-4-sulfonic acid (0. 1g) and 40 ml toluene were added to it. boiling chips were also added to the reagent mixture so as to prevent loss of product due to splashing and boiling of the product. The Dean and Stark apparatus was set up individually by each student. The 100 ml round bottomed flask with reagent mixture was then fit to the Dean and Stark apparatus with a reflux condenser fit to the top of the apparatus. The reflux condenser was fit with a calcium chloride drying tube in order to prevent atmosp heric moisture from reacting with the contents of the round bottomed flask, and also to serve as a means to relieve pressure formed during the reaction. A heating mantle was used to heat the round bottomed flask till a vigorous reflux of the toluene, with vapour rising up the condenser was observable. It was observed that the water that formed as a result of the reaction of the toluene reflux collected in the trap portion of the Dean and Stark trap apparatus. Once the solution was boiling, reflux was continued for an hour. During this waiting period, a solution of acetic anhydride (4. 5 ml) in toluene (10 ml) was prepared. Once reflux was complete after one hour, the solution was cooled till it could be handled comfortably and the Dean and Stark apparatus was removed. While waiting for the flask to cool, the distillation setup was prepared by re-positioning the condenser with both a receiver and receiver flask. The now cooled round bottomed flask was fit with a thermometer attached by means of a still head and fit to the distillation setup. The flask was once again heating using a heating mantle to distil pyrrolidine and water that was still present. Distillation was continued until the temperature reached 108-110? C. Thereafter, the round bottomed flask was allowed to cool down to room temperature after removing it from the distillation setup and removing the still head with thermometer. Preparation of the 2-Acetylcyclohexanone The acetic anhydride solution that had been previously prepared was then added to the round bottom flask containing the enamine solution while stirring and was further stirred for 15 minutes. Water (5 ml) and 3 boiling chips was then added to the flask and fit with a reflux condenser. This new reagent mixture containing intermediate product enamine was heated under reflux for a full 30 minutes once the solution came to a boil. This was the stopping point for day 1 of the experiment. The round bottomed flask was labelled and stoppered for continuation of the experiment on the following week. On day 2 of the experiment, the content of the round bottomed flask was transferred to a separating funnel. Water (10 ml) was used to rinse the round bottomed flask and this rinsing was added to the separating funnel. The content of the funnel was mixed well and the gas was released by opening the stopcock. The aqueous layer was the lower layer and was separated from the organic layer, which remained in the funnel. Similarly, the organic layer was rinsed with three portions of hydrochloric acid (3M) and finally rinsed again with water (10 ml). The organic layer was transferred to a clean 250 ml beaker and dried over MgSO4 – MgSO4 was added until it stopped clumping together at the bottom of the beaker in solution. The MgSO4 drying agent was then filtered off by vacuum suction. The vacuum distillation setup was then prepared and the filtered solution was transferred to this setup in order to distil off the toluene at its boiling point of 110? C at 760 mmHg pressure. The remaining residue was put in a very small round bottomed flask. This flask was attached to a short path condenser with 3 anti-bumping granules added to the flask. 3 very small receiver flasks were preweighed before the product was flame distilled. Flame distillation took place under reduced pressure by means of using the bench vacuum. different fractions of product during the distillation were collected in 3 different receiver flasks. The temperature range that each of the fractions were collected at were recorded. The added masses of the product collected in all three flasks were used. References 1. http://www. courses. chem. psu. edu/chem36/Chem36H/IndivExpt1/435%20Acetylcyclohexanone. pdf – Accessed 11/08/08 2. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Acetic_anhydride – Accessed 11/08 /08 3. P. Y Bruice, Organic Chemistry, 4th Edition, Pearson Education Inc. , 2004, USA pgs 747-753 4. http://www. freepatentsonline. com/4355097. html

ISHAYA AJET HOSEA Essays (1824 words) - Nigeria, World, Free Essays

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Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in the Elderly essays

Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in the Elderly essays Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in the Elderly Mental disorders are becoming more prevalent in todays society as people add stress and pressure to their daily lives. The elderly population is not eliminated as a candidate for a disorder just because they may be retired. In fact, mental disorders affect 1 in 5 elderly people. One would think that with disorders being rather prevalent in this age group that there would be an abundance of treatment programs, but this is not the case. Because the diagnosis of an individuals mental state is subjective in nature, many troubled people go untreated regularly (summer 1998). Depression in the elderly population is a common occurrence, yet the diagnosis and treatment seem to slip through the cracks. Depression is an example of a metal condition that may slip through the cracks when it comes to detection. The health care industry contributes to the overlooking of depression in the elderly because of the overwhelming desire to keep costs down. The factors of depression are open for interpretation, which results in different doctors looking for different things. In addition to that, elderly people may not exhibit the traditional symptoms of depression either. Aged individuals may have symptoms of depression that go unnoticed due the fact that those symptoms are being attributed to a different ailment. One half of all depressed patients seen by general physicians are not identified as depressed (August 1995). Also, some of the things people look for in detecting depression are things that society seems to think are the norm for our elders (October 1999). In addition, there appear to be a few fundamental differences between depression in the young and old. Elderly people tend to have more ideational symptoms, which are related to thoughts, ideas, and guilt. Elderly depressed individuals are also more likely to have psychotic depressive and melancholic sy...

Sociology class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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